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Asserting that there are many more organic codes in nature than just the genetic code, Marcello Barbieri states that the existence of these codes and their corresponding organic memories can be used to explain the key steps in the evolutionary history of life. With major events corresponding to the appearance of new codes, the organic codes and their corresponding organic memories can also shed new light on the problems of epigenesis and how embryos generate their own complexity.
- Sales Rank: #4080618 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
- Published on: 2002-12-23
- Released on: 2003-01-02
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.98" h x .67" w x 5.98" l, 1.17 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 316 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"The text of Barbieri's book is clear and very enjoyable to read...introduc[ing] relevant and challenging ideas to the body of thought of biologists and of other science readers..." Genetics and Molecular Biology
About the Author
Professor Barbieri is based in the Department of Morphology and Embryology at the University of Ferrara, Italy.
Most helpful customer reviews
13 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
A refreshingly new view of the genetic codes
By John Duncan
Nowadays everyone has heard of the genetic code (in the singular). There is a certain amount of confusion in many people's minds, encouraged by the journalistic use of the phrase "genetic code" to mean what a biologist would call the genome, i.e. the complete DNA sequence for an individual. Nonetheless, there are plenty of good sources, ranging from the highly technical to the popular, to clarify the matter for those who want to be set straight.
Marcello Barbieri is talking about something different, that is not only little known to the general public, but is also far less well known among biologists than it deserves to be. For him "codes" is plural, and he means more than just the familiar set of rules that say, for example, that when the triplet AAA occurs in an appropriate context in the DNA of a cell the aminoacid lysine needs to occur in the sequence of the corresponding protein. For Barbieri this is just one of numerous organic codes. Some of the others are also "genetic", in the sense that they involve reading more from DNA sequences than just aminoacid sequences, but others are not, as they involve information coded into structures such as sugars and histones that are not nucleic acids.
All this should have considerable interest for the biologist even if we just stop there, but Barbieri goes on to build a theory of evolutionary complexity on the existence of multiple codes. Each time a new code appears during evolution it allows a large jump in the complexity of the organisms that possess it, but it does not replace earlier codes, which continue to be used, and it does not cause the simpler organisms to disappear. Thus modern organisms constitute a sort of pyramid in which the simplest organisms, the bacteria, use the ordinary genetic code and nothing else. The simplest eukaryotes add to the complexity by using splicing codes as well -- still in the genetic material, but now allowing fragments to be combined in different ways, and thus interpreted in different ways. The most recent of his codes to appear in evolution is language, which distinguishes our own species from all the others.
12 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
A wrong path to explaining biology
By Alex Tolley
This book has a germ of an idea, but overall the author's exposition is confused and unconvincing. The big idea is that life is a set of organic codes and that codes imply meaning, hence the "semantics" in the title. Barbieri attemps to show that codes are necessary mappings between domains that e.g. allow information stored in the genome to be translated into the organism through development. A key point is that the genome contains insufficient information to fully describe the organism. From this, the author posits codes for other processes, e.g. exon splicing and signal transduction, although he offers no evidence and just suggests biologists haven't looked for them. He also tries to use his ideas to "explain" evolution, especially the Cambrium explosion of phyla.
I found his ideas unconvincing. His ideas rest on his model of how complexity needs to be generated, based on algorithms to reconstruct CAT scan images. He uses a new term "convergent increase in complexity" to mean "reconstructing a structure from incomplete information", which is based on these CAT scan image algorithms. However, a wealth of literature on cellular automata (finite state machines) shows that complexity can be generated by simple rules. Furthermore, repeatable, complex structures can be observed by these processes. If one needs convincing about this, just look at the biomorph images in Dawkins' "The Blind Watchmaker" for taste of how simple rules can create complex, "body plans". L-systems are another example.
But despite his claims, Barbieri does not really offer falsifiable hypotheses and for this reason alone, it is difficult to understand how anyone can build on this work as a model of biology.
Rather than thinking of codes as means to map information spaces, other workers have followed more fruitful approaches, e.g. how codes are used in information theory as a model to understand the biology. What is apparent from computational science, e.g. Holland's work on tagging systems, and wet biology, is that life needs to have systems that co-ordinate. Co-ordination becomes increasingly difficult as organisms increase in complexity and size. Biology seems to indicate that many approaches to communication used in industry have their surrogates in living systems.
Barbieri comes over as a little petulant that his ideas have not be taken up by biologists. A quick search on the web showed that only people involved in a "discipline" called biosemiotics had looked at his work, and these texts reinforced the sense that incomprehensibity was used to mask lack of content. I hope I have given some reasons why this might be so.
In conclusion, although I found this book in a biology section, it might have been better placed with the humanities.
3 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
A typical anti-Darwinism pseudoscience book
By Sei Kameoka
The book contains 280 pages of text, 25 pages of refenreces, 7 pages of INDEX, and many figures and cartoon to explain the concept of author's hypothesis. Barbieri was a development biologist at MRC in Cambridge, NIH, and Max Planck.
This is a typical anti-Darwinism semi-pseudoscience book. I picked up the book because the book cover had a Chomsky's accolade. It's not as obvious and outrageous as Intelligent Desing-sort of book, but the author cites his own book to explain his main points. Many biological facts in the book are real and correct, but there is no scientific logical structure to support the author's "semantic" theory. I was struck by the fact that this book was published from Cambridge University Press.
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